How Long Does it Take to Become a US Citizen?

The path to U.S. citizenship is a significant milestone for many immigrants. It’s a path filled with hope, dreams, and, yes, quite a bit of paperwork. If you’re considering taking this important step, you’re probably wondering just how long the process might take.

The road to citizenship, also known as naturalization, isn’t a one-size-fits-all journey. The timeline can vary depending on several factors, from your current immigration status to where you live in the U.S. While some might breeze through the process in a matter of months, for others, it could take longer.

Eligibility Requirements for US Citizenship

To be eligible for naturalization, you must:

• Be at least 18 years old.
• Have been a permanent resident (green card holder) for at least five years or three if married to a US citizen.
• Have maintained continuous residence in the US and have been physically present for a specified period.
• Demonstrate good moral character and adherence to the principles of the US Constitution.
• Be able to read, write, and speak basic English.

You must meet all these requirements before beginning the naturalization process to avoid delays or even denial of your application.

The Naturalization Process

Now that we’ve covered the eligibility requirements, let’s look closer at the naturalization process.

1. Determine eligibility

Before you begin, confirm that you meet all the requirements for citizenship.

2. Prepare and submit Form N-400, Application for Naturalization:

Gather all necessary documents and evidence, complete the application accurately, and submit it to USCIS with the required fees.

3. Attend biometrics appointment

After USCIS receives your N-400 application, it will schedule a biometrics appointment where you’ll provide fingerprints, photographs, and a signature for background checks.

4. Complete the citizenship interview and exam

Once your background checks are complete, a USCIS officer will schedule a citizenship interview. You’ll demonstrate your English and US civics knowledge during this meeting through a test.

5. Attend the oath ceremony

If your application is approved, you’ll receive an invitation to attend the Oath of Allegiance ceremony. At this ceremony, you’ll take the oath and officially become a US citizen, receiving your Certificate of Naturalization.

Factors Affecting the Timeline for Becoming a US Citizen

Several factors can impact the timeline for becoming a US citizen, and it’s important to be aware of these when planning your application.

Processing times for Form N-400

USCIS processing times vary depending on the workload and resources available at each field office. Some offices may have longer processing times than others.

Background checks and security clearances

All applicants must undergo thorough background checks to ensure eligibility. These checks can take additional time, especially if there are any issues or discrepancies in your background.

USCIS case backlog

A high volume of applications can lead to longer processing times overall, as USCIS works to adjudicate each case fairly and efficiently.

Individual case complexities

Unique circumstances, such as a criminal record or extended absences from the US, can prolong the process, as USCIS may require additional documentation or interviews.

Estimated Timelines for Each Step of the Process

While processing times vary, we’ve listed below some general estimates for each step of the naturalization process:

• Filing Form N-400 to biometrics appointment: Typically, you can expect to wait 3-5 months from when you file your application to your biometrics appointment.
• Biometrics appointment to citizenship interview: After your biometrics appointment, it generally takes 4-6 months to schedule your citizenship interview.
• Citizenship interview to oath ceremony: If USCIS approves your application at the interview, you can expect to wait 1-2 months for your oath ceremony.

The entire process from filing to naturalization can take anywhere from 8 to 13 months, depending on the above-mentioned circumstances.

It’s important to remember that these are estimates, and your case may experience shorter or longer processing times.

Exceptional Circumstances and Their Impact on Timelines

Certain situations can also affect the naturalization timeline, either expediting the process or requiring additional steps.

Applying for citizenship through marriage

If you’re married to a US citizen, you may be eligible for a faster process, with a reduced residency requirement of three years instead of five. However, you’ll need to provide evidence of your marriage and demonstrate that it is bona fide.

Military service

Serving in the US military can expedite naturalization, with some requirements waived or modified. If you’ve served honorably during peacetime, your spouse or parents may be eligible for citizenship after one year of service. During periods of hostility, they may be eligible for immediate naturalization.

Refugees

If USCIS admitted you to the US as a refugee you may apply for naturalization after five years of continuous residence, regardless of how long you’ve held a green card. However, you must provide documentation of your refugee status.

Asylees

If you were granted asylum in the US, one year of your time as an asylee will count towards your five years of continuous presence as a permanent resident. This is reflected on your green card, which should be backdated one year from the date you were granted permanent residence.

Citizenship for children

Children born abroad to US citizen parents or adopted by US citizens may have a different path to citizenship, with varying timelines. In some cases, children may acquire citizenship automatically, while in others, parents may need to apply for citizenship on their child’s behalf.

Comparing Citizenship to Other Immigration Statuses

It’s important to understand the differences between US citizenship and other immigration statuses, such as being a permanent resident (green card holder):

Green card perks and drawbacks

Green card holders have the right to live and work in the US indefinitely but must renew their green card every ten years. They also cannot vote in federal elections or hold certain public offices.

Citizenship perks

On the other hand, US citizens enjoy additional rights and privileges, such as the ability to vote in federal elections, hold public office, and sponsor family members for green cards more easily.

Timelines

Processing times for green card applications and naturalization also differ, with citizenship often taking longer due to the additional requirements and steps involved, such as the citizenship interview and exam.

Tips for a Smooth and Efficient Citizenship Application Process

Consider the following recommendations to help ensure a smooth and efficient citizenship application process.

1. Start gathering all necessary documents

Discover and collect evidence well in advance of filing your application. This proof includes your green card, passport, birth certificate, marriage certificate (if applicable), and other relevant documents.

2. Prepare thoroughly for the citizenship exam and interview

Study US history, government, and English. USCIS provides study materials and resources to help you prepare.

3. Respond promptly to any Requests for Evidence (RFE) from USCIS.

If USCIS needs additional information or documentation to process your application, you will receive an RFE. Responding to these requests quickly and thoroughly is vital to avoid delays.

4.  Check regularly for updates

Always stay informed about your case status and processing times by checking the USCIS website or contacting the agency. You can create an online account to track your case status and receive updates.

Maintaining Citizenship and Renewing Passports

Once you’ve obtained US citizenship, it’s important to maintain your status and keep your documents current.

Renewal information

Renew your US passport every ten years for adults and every five years for minors under 16. You must submit a renewal application along with your current passport, photos, and fees.

Name changes

Notify the Social Security Administration and other relevant agencies of any name changes. If you change your name as part of the naturalization process or afterward, update your records with the appropriate agencies.

Safeguard documents

Keep your naturalization certificate safe, as it proves your citizenship. You can apply for a replacement through USCIS if you lose your certificate.

Start Your Journey to U.S. Citizenship Today

At the Law Office of Lina Baroudi, we’re committed to guiding you through the naturalization process.

Whether you’re just starting to explore your options or you’re ready to file your application, our experienced immigration attorneys can help streamline your process. We understand the complexities of U.S. immigration law and can help you avoid common pitfalls that might delay your citizenship.

Don’t let uncertainty hold you back from achieving your American dream. Contact the Law Office of Lina Baroudi today for a consultation.